J Physiol 556(Pt 1):267–282ĭ’Avella A, Portone A, Fernandez L, Lacquaniti F (2006) Control of fast-reaching movements by muscle synergy combinations. This confirms that the muscle synergies are consistent across participants, even during a skilled motor task that requires learning. Eleven older women (67.0 y ± 2.5) and ten young women (22.5 y ± 1.6) performed stepping in forward and lateral directions at step heights of 10, 20 and 30 cm. Although variability was found (especially for synergy 3), the gymnasts exhibited gross similar neuromuscular strategies when performing backward giant swings. Ivanenko YP, Poppele RE, Lacquaniti F (2004) Five basic muscle activation patterns account for muscle activity during human locomotion. Muscle synergy analysis (MSA) is a mathematical technique that reduces the dimensionality of electromyographic (EMG) data. The aim of this study was to explore the underlying age-related differences in dynamic motor control during different step ascent conditions using muscle synergy analysis. Krishnamoorthy V, Goodman S, Zatsiorsky V, Latash ML (2003) Muscle synergies during shifts of the center of pressure by standing persons: identification of muscle modes. Torres-Oviedo G, Macpherson JM, Ting LH (2006) Muscle synergy organization is robust across a variety of postural perturbations. Hart CB, Giszter SF (2004) Modular premotor drives and unit bursts as primitives for frog motor behaviors. Tresch MC, Saltiel P, Bizzi E (1999) The construction of movement by the spinal cord. Cereb Cortex 17(4):803–815ĭ’Avella A, Saltiel P, Bizzi E (2003) Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior. Klein Breteler MD, Simura KJ, Flanders M (2007) Timing of muscle activation in a hand movement sequence. Tresch MC, Cheung VC, d’Avella A (2006) Matrix factorization algorithms for the identification of muscle synergies: evaluation on simulated and experimental data sets. MSK pain alters the structure of variability in muscle control, although its specific nature remains unclear.
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